Template:Convert/doc

Template:Transwiki guide Template {{convert}} calculates measurements from one unit (you can enter) to another one, and then presents the results. For example:

{{convert|2|km|mi}} →

{{convert|7|mi|km}} →

Units to convert

Enter units to convert:

• {{convert|1|lb|kg}} →

• Units are listed below.

Unit name or symbol (abbreviation): 1 pound or 1 lb?

By default, the first value shows unit name spelled out, the second the symbol (or abbreviation). Use |abbr=on/off to change this behaviour:

• {{convert|1|lb|kg}} →

To abbreviate both:

• {{convert|1|lb|kg|abbr=on}} →
• {{convert|1|lb|kg|abbr=off}} →

|abbr=in is the reverse behaviour to the default, |abbr=out:

• {{convert|1|lb|kg|abbr=in}} →

When using scientific notation, the default is for the second (converted) value to display with scientific notation:

• {{convert|100|e6mi|e6km}} →

To display thousands, millions, etc., while abbreviating both input and output units use |abbr=unit:

• {{convert|100|e6mi|e6km|abbr=unit}} →

Convenience: {{cvt}} has |abbr=on by default

Template {{cvt}} is similar to {{convert}}, but has |abbr=on as the default behaviour. In {{cvt}}, all other options are available. So:

{{cvt|1|lb|kg}} → Template:Cvt

is equal to:

{{convert|1|lb|kg|abbr=on}} → Template:Cvt

Adjective: a 10-mile distance

Use |adj=on to produce the adjective form:

• A {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} distance → A distance.

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|10|mi|km}} to go → to go.

This option does not work with |abbr=on.

Rounding: 100 ft is 30 m or 30.5 m or 30.48 m?

By definition, 100 ft equals . In practical use, it is common to round the calculated metric number. With that, there are several possibilities.

Default rounding

By {{Convert}} default, the conversion result will be rounded either to precision comparable to that of the input value (the number of digits after the decimal point—or the negative of the number of non-significant zeroes before the point—is increased by one if the conversion is a multiplication by a number between 0.02 and 0.2, remains the same if the factor is between 0.2 and 2, is decreased by 1 if it is between 2 and 20, and so on) or to two significant figures, whichever is more precise. An exception to this is rounding temperatures (see below).

Examples of rounding
Input	Displays as	Note
{{convert|123|ft|m|-1}}
{{convert|123|ft|m}}		same output as with 0 (below)
{{convert|123|ft|m|0}}
{{convert|123|ft|m|1}}
{{convert|123|ft|m|2}}		exact value is 37.4904 m
{{convert|500|ft|m|-1}}
{{convert|500|ft|m}}		same output as with -1 (above)
{{convert|500|ft|m|0}}
{{convert|500|ft|m|1}}
{{convert|500|ft|m|2}}		exact value is 152.4 m

Convert supports four types of rounding:

Round to a given precision: use a precision number

Specify the desired precision with the fourth unnamed parameter (or third unnamed parameter if the "convert to" parameter is omitted; or fifth unnamed parameter if a range is specified; or fourth unnamed parameter again if a range is specified and the "convert to" parameter is omitted; needs to be replaced with a "precision" named parameter). The conversion is rounded off to the nearest multiple of Template:Frac to the power of this number. For instance, if the result is 8621 and the round number is "-2", the result will be 8600. If the result is "234.0283043" and the round number is "0", the result will be 234.

Round to a given number of significant figures: |sigfig=

To specify the output number to be with n significant figures use |sigfig=<number>:

• {{convert|1200|ft|m|sigfig=4}} →
• {{convert|1200|ft|m|sigfig=3}} →
• {{convert|1200|ft|m|sigfig=2}} →
• {{convert|1200|ft|m|sigfig=1}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|1200|ft|m}} →

Setting |sigfig= is meaningless

• {{convert|1200|ft|m|sigfig=0}} →

Round to a multiple of 5: 15, 20, 25, ...

Using |round=5 rounds the outcome to a multiple of 5.

• {{convert|10|m|ft}} →
• {{convert|10|m|ft|round=5}} →

Similar: using |round=25 rounds the outcome to a multiple of 25.

• {{convert|10|m|ft}} →
• {{convert|10|m|ft|round=25}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|10|m|ft|sigfig=4}} →

In a range, one can round each value individually to the default. Use |round=each:

• {{convert|10 x 200 x 3000|m|ft}} →
• {{convert|10 x 200 x 3000|m|ft|round=each}} →

Round to a multiple of a given fraction: Template:Frac inch

Specify the desired denominator using |frac=<some positive integer>. (Denominator is the below-the-slash number, for example the 3 in Template:Frac).

• {{convert|5.56|cm|in|frac=16}} →
• {{convert|8|cm|in|frac=4}} →

The fraction is reduced when possible:

• {{convert|8|cm|in|frac=100}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|8|cm|in}} →

Rounding temperatures: °C, °F and K

In temperatures, the conversion will be rounded either to precision comparable to that of the input value or to that which would give three significant figures when expressed in kelvins, whichever is more precise.

The precision of the input number in example (1) is one digit, but the precision of its Kelvins expression is three, so the precision of the Fahrenheit conversion is made three (made 180...) . (1) and (2) seem to belie the fact that a , and make the 32 degrees difference shown in (1) begin to seem off somehow. Result (1) seems off until you set the significant figures yourself with |sigfig=:

or you set the precision positionally, relative to the decimal point (zero being at the decimal point):

The precision of the input number in example (2) is six, so the precision of the Fahrenheit output is, whereas before, Kelvins had determined it to be three. Examples (3) and (4) show how this can be hidden and generate questions, but it occurs there because the Kelvins conversion generated two fractional parts. (Before it was the input number that generated the fractional part.) In example (3) the three input digits converted into five significant output digits because of the two digits after the decimal point, generated by the Kelvins conversion. This happened again in (5), but in (6) decimal fractions were neither given as input nor induced by the Kelvins conversion.

Into multiple units:

Separate the multiple output units by a space:

• {{convert|10|C|F K}} →
• {{convert|5|km|mi nmi}} →

If the output unit names contain spaces, use + as the separator.

See also:

• For multiple-unit options like 1 ft 5 in, see #In input and #In output.

Ranges of values

A range converts two values and separates them by your choice of words and punctuation.

A range: 6 to 17 kg (13 to 37 lb)

Range indicators are entered as the second parameter (between the values). Range separators can be:
Template:Convert/doc/range separator list

Multiple dimensions:

Use by:

• {{convert|6|by|12|ft|m}} →

Use ×, multiplication sign, or x, letter:

• {{convert|6|x|12|m|ft}} →

In science, the formal way is to set |x| and |abbr=on (keeping dimensions right, like in area = x km²):

• {{convert|6|x|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} →

About feet, inch in ranges and multiples

While it is possible to enter feet, inch in a simple conversion, this is not possible for ranges:

• {{convert|1|ft|3|in|x|3|ft|5|in|mm}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|1|ft|3|in|mm}} →

Words

Spelling of unit name: UK metre or US meter?

Default spelling of units is en-UK. To show en-US spelling, use |sp=us:

{{convert|1|m|ft}} → —default

{{convert|1|m|ft|sp=us}} →

Spell out numbers: ten miles

To write a number in words, use |spell=in:

• {{convert|10|mi|m|spell=in}} →

To spell out both in and out values, use |spell=on:

• {{convert|10|mi|m|spell=on}} →

To make first letter a capital, use |spell=In, |spell=On

• {{convert|10|mi|m|spell=In}} →
• {{convert|10|mi|m|spell=On}} →

Remember that the spelling of the units (ft, m) is independently set by |abbr=. To the extreme:

• {{convert|10|mi|m|spell=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} →

Inserted before units: 4 planted acres

• {{convert|4|acre||adj=pre|planted}} →

disp=preunit is similar, but has no separator after the specified text, and can have different text for the output value:

• {{convert|4|acre||disp=preunit|planted }} →
• {{convert|4|acre||disp=preunit|planted |reforested-}} →

After adjective unit: A corridor

{{convert|10|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} →

Plurals: 1 inch, 2 inches

The unit symbol is singular always. Depending on the preceding number only, a unit name can be shown plural.

• {{convert|1|metre}} →
• {{convert|2|metre}} →
• {{convert|2|metre|abbr=on}} →

Exception

Entering the unit spelled |foot| forces singular output "foot", whatever the number is.

• {{convert|100|foot|abbr=off}} →

Fractions: one-eighth of an imperial pint

The convert template also supports spelling out fractions.

• {{convert|1/4|oz|g|spell=in}} →

Any additional words needed for the fraction can also be added at the end of the template.

• {{convert|1/8|imppt|mL|spell=in|adj=pre|of an}} →

Numbers

Using an SI prefix: gigameter (Gm), or micrometer (μm)

Template:Sidebar metric prefixes (small) Units can have an SI prefix like G before the unit: Gm, and giga before the name: gigameter. These are plain multiplication factors.

To illustrate, these are trivial calculations (from meter to meter), showing the multiplication factor:

The prefix can be added before the SI unit (here: unit m for meter):

• {{convert|12|Gm|mi|abbr=on}} →
• Mm:
• km:
• mm:
• μm:
• um: (letter "u" can be used for "μ" here)

The prefix can be used in the output unit:

• {{convert|12000|mi|Mm|abbr=on}} →
• {{convert|12|in|μm|abbr=on}} →

As an exception, the non-SI unit "inch" can have the "μ" prefix too)

• {{convert|12|μm|μin|abbr=on}} →

Engineering notation: 7 × 10⁶ m

In the unit: e6m

Engineering number notations like 7E6 (for 7 × 10⁶) can be entered as a "prefix" to the unit:

• {{convert|7|e6m}} →

The same is possible for the output unit:

• {{convert|23,000,000|ft|e6m}} →

Any standard unit (not a combination, multiple, or built-in unit) can have such a prefix:

• e3 (thousand),
• e6 (million),
• e9 (billion),
• e12 (trillion),
• e15 (quadrillion).

Scientific notation: 1.23×10⁻¹⁴

In scientific notation, a number is written like . The plain number has exactly one digit before the decimal point.

With {{convert}}, the input can be in e-notation such as 12.3e4. This value is displayed as a power of ten, and the output is displayed in scientific notation, except that an output value satisfying 0.01 <= v < 1000 is shown as a normal number. In addition, if the output value is 1000 and sigfig=4 is used, the value is displayed as a normal number.

• {{convert|12.3e-15|atm|atm|abbr=on}} →
• {{convert|0.00000005|atm|atm|abbr=on}} →

Input with fractions:

The number to convert can be written in fractions. Both / (keyboard slash) and ⁄ (fraction slash) are accepted:

• {{convert|1/2|in|mm|1}} →
• {{convert|1⁄2|in|mm|1}} →

With integers, use a + sign

• {{convert|2+1⁄2|in|mm|1}} →

When negative, use a hyphen - and repeat it:

• {{convert|-2-1⁄2|in|mm|1}} →
• {{convert|2-1⁄2|in|mm|1}} → Note: this is read as a range
• {{convert|-2+1⁄2|in|mm|1}} → N Should be a number, not an expression (do not require a calculation)

Output with horizontal fraction bar in: Template:Sfrac inch

Using a double slash (//) returns a horizontal bar fraction:

• {{convert|1//2|in|mm|1}} →
• {{convert|2+1//2|in|mm|1}} →

Thousands separator: 1,000 mi or 1000 mi

In input, a comma for thousands separator is accepted but not required; a gap (space) is not accepted. In output, by default, the thousand separator is the comma:

• {{convert|1234567|m|ft}} →
• {{convert|1,234,567|m|ft}} →
• {{convert|1 234 567|m|ft}} → N

Set |comma=off to remove the separator from the output:

• {{convert|1234567|m|ft|comma=off}} →

Use |comma=gaps to use digit grouping by gap (thin space) as a thousands separator:

• {{convert|1234567|m|ft|comma=gaps}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|1234567|m|ft}} →

Setting |comma=5 or |comma=gaps5 will only add the separator when the number of digits is 5 or more:

• {{convert|1234|m|ft|comma=5}} →
• {{convert|1234567|m|ft|comma=5}} →
• {{convert|1234|m|ft|comma=gaps5}} →
• {{convert|1234567|m|ft|comma=gaps5}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|1234|m|ft}} →

Output manipulation

Brackets and separators: 10 m [33 ft]

Punctuation that distinguishes the two measurements is set by |disp=.
Options are: b (the default), sqbr, comma, or, br, x|…:

• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=sqbr}} →
• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=comma}} →
• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=or}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|10|m|ft}} →

Setting |disp=br will force a new line (<br/>)

• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=br}} →

Also |disp=br() will force a new line, and keep the brackets:

• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=br()}} →

Setting |disp=x|… allows any text as separator:

• {{convert|10|m|ft|disp=x|_MyText_}} → —(To display spaces, use  )

Flipping (reordering) the two measurements:

Setting |order=flip will flip (swap) the two measurements:

• {{convert|1|mi|m|order=flip}} →

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|1|mi|m}} →

When converting to multiple units, the effect is:

• {{convert|10|km|mi nmi|order=flip}} →
• {{convert|10|km|nmi mi|order=flip}} →

Displaying parts of the result:

It is possible to display only parts of the conversion result:

Convert	Output	Description
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3}}		Default behaviour, for comparison
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|abbr=values}}		Input and output numbers
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=unit}}		Input unit
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=unit|adj=on}}		Input unit, adjective (hyphenated)
{{convert|2|cuyd|cuyd|0|disp=out|abbr=off}}		Input (workaround)
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|abbr=~}}		Input: both name and symbol
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=unit2}}		Output unit (symbol)
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=unit2|abbr=off}}		Output unit (name)
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=number}}		Output value
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=out}}		Output value and unit
{{convert|2|cuyd|m3|disp=out|abbr=off}}		Output value and unit

Display both input name and symbol: 2 kilopascals [kPa]

Setting |abbr=~ returns both name and symbol of the first (input) unit:

• {{convert|2|kPa|psi|abbr=~}} →
• A {{convert|2|kPa|psi|abbr=~|adj=on}} pressure → A pressure

Table options

For the wikitable structure, there are three options: add a line-break, split the result over columns and make the table sortable.

Enforced line break

|disp=br adds a line-break and omits brackets.

|disp=br() adds a line-break and does add brackets to the converted value. This may be useful in tables:

|disp=br	|disp=br()

Table columns showing numbers only

Using {convert} in a table cell, with |disp=table splits the result over two columns:

{{convert|10|m|ft|disp=table}} →

|disp=tablecen does the same, and also centers the text:

{{convert|20|m|ft|disp=tablecen}} →

The units are added as a column header:

	m	ft
|disp=table
|disp=tablecen
|disp=<other> (default)

Sorting

Use |sortable=on to include a hidden numerical sortkey in the output, suitable for use in a table with sortable columns. Technically, this places a hidden string before the actual displayed values:

{{convert|10|m|ft|sortable=on}} → <span style="display:none">7001100000000000000</span>10 metres (33&nbsp;ft)

Use both |disp=table and |sortable=on together to produce table columns (pipe symbols) for each value in sortable columns:

	m	ft
A
B
C
D

The generated sortkey is calculated in a consistent way based on both the value and its unit as passed to the convert template. In most cases convert uses the passed value converted to SI base units. It is therefore not necessarily the displayed value or other alternate units and is calculated regardless of output format options. Using different units or different order of units in individual rows should therefore not lead to incorrect sorting, although variations in rounding can give surprising results, since an unrounded number is used for the sortkey.

Units

'per' units: kg/hl

When using a slash (/), a unit like kg/hl is recognized as kilograms per hectolitre and will be converted with other mass/volume units.

• {{convert|1000|kg/hl}} →

Units of difference: 10 °C higher; how much in °F

When a number is the measurement for a difference, one conversion is done. This may occur in temperatures (°C, °F, K). Compare this to a range, when two conversions are done.

The only available units of difference are: |C-change=, |F-change= and |K-change=.

• , regular temperature
• , difference (e.g., "The temperature changed from 30 into 40 °C")
• , range (e.g., "The temperature is between 10 and 15 °C")

Consistently, into multiple units:

• A rise of {{convert|10|C-change|F-change K-change}} → A rise of

Multiple units: 1 ft 5 in

In input

Base document Template:Slink lists options for multiple unit input (like ft,in). It can catch predefined sets only (units that can be subdivided; e.g., yd into ft):

• {{convert|1|yd|2|ft|3|in}} →
• {{convert|2|ft|3|in|cm}} →
• {{convert|1|lb|5|oz|g}} →

In output

Available multiple-unit output options predefined, like ftin and ydftin. The full list is at Template:Slink.

• {{convert|2|m|ftin}} →
• {{convert|2|m|ft in}} → , using a space, returns the decimal point

Default behaviour, for comparison:

• {{convert|2|m}} →

See also:

• {{hands}} a length used to measure horses
• {{Long ton}} a weight in ton, cwt, qr and lb

Currency per unit: $/mi → $/km

Using currency symbols in a $ per unit value, you can convert the per-unit:

• {{convert|10|$/mi|$/km}} →

You can set the currency in both values using |$=€:

• {{convert|10|$/mi|$/km|$=€}} →

It is not possible to convert the currency. So, this result (mixed currencies) is not possible: $15 per mile (€8.6/km) N

Parameter list

Parameter		Description	Note
|abbr=in		Use symbol for first (left-hand side) unit	Symbol ('abbreviation')
|abbr=off		Use name for all units	Symbol ('abbreviation')
|abbr=none
|abbr=on		Use symbol for all units	Symbol ('abbreviation')
|abbr=out		Use symbol for right-hand side unit (default)	Symbol ('abbreviation')
|abbr=unit		Use symbol for all units when using scientific notation	Symbol ('abbreviation')
|abbr=values		Show only input and output numbers, not units	Parts only
|abbr=~		Shows both unit name and symbol	Symbol & name
|adj=mid|…		User-specified text after the input unit; sets adj=on (adjective). Expects 1 unnamed parameter.	Word adding, adjective
|adj=on		Unit name is adjective (singular and hyphenated)	Grammar, adjective
|adj=pre|…		User-specified text before input unit. Expects 1 unnamed parameter.	Word adding
|adj=ri0		Round input with precision 0	Rounding and significant figures
|adj=ri1		Round input with precision 1	Rounding and significant figures
|adj=ri2		Round input with precision 2	Rounding and significant figures
|adj=ri3		Round input with precision 3	Rounding and significant figures
|disp=b		Join input and output using " (...)" (default)	Join values
|disp=sqbr		Join input and output using " [...]"	Join values
|disp=br		Join input and output using "<br/>"	Join values
|disp=comma		Join input and output using ", "	Join values
|disp=or		Join input and output using " or "	Join values
|disp=number		Display output number only	Parts only
|disp=output number only
|disp=out		Display only output number and name/symbol	Parts only
|disp=output only
|disp=preunit|…[|…]		Text to be inserted after value and before units, for both input and output, with optionally different text for output. Expects 1 or 2 unnamed parameters.	Word adding
|disp=table		Output is suitable for a table cell with align="right"	Table columns
|disp=tablecen		Output is suitable for a table cell with align="center"	Table columns
|disp=unit		Display input name/symbol only (not input number, not output)	Parts only
|disp=unit2		Display output name/symbol only (not input; not output number)	Parts only
|disp=x|...		Join input and output using user-specified text	Word adding
|comma=5		Only use comma for thousands separator if 5 or more digits	Number format
|comma=gaps		Use gaps (space), not comma, for thousands separator	Number format
|comma=gaps5		Use gaps (space), but only if 5 or more digits	Number format
|comma=off		No thousands separator	Number format
|frac=N		Show imperial number in fractions, denominator=N	Number format, fraction
|lk=in		Link left-hand side unit name or symbol	Unit link
|lk=on		Link all unit names or symbols (but not twice for the same unit)	Unit link
|lk=out		Link right-hand side unit name or symbol	Unit link
|order=flip		Inverts order of input, output measurements (conversion first)	Order
|round=5		Rounds calculation to the nearest multiple of 5	Rounding and significant figures
|round=25		Rounds calculation to the nearest multiple of 25	Rounding and significant figures
|round=each		In a range, each number is rounded by the default rounding	Rounding and significant figures
|sigfig=N		Round output number to N significant figures (N is a positive integer)	Rounding and significant figures
|sortable=in		Output numeric hidden sort field for use in a sortable table (based on input)	Table sort
|sortable=on
|sortable=out		Output numeric hidden sort field for use in a sortable table (based on output)	Table sort
|sp=us		Use U.S. spelling (like "meter" instead of default "metre")	Spelling U.S. names
|spell=in		Spell input number in words	Spelling numbers
|spell=In		Spell input number in words with first letter uppercase	Spelling numbers
|spell=on		Spell input and output numbers in words	Spelling numbers
|spell=On		Spell input and output numbers in words with first letter uppercase	Spelling numbers
|$=€		Replace $-sign with a currency sign, for example in $/acre (no currency conversion happens)	Cost per unit
|debug=yes		Debugging only. In a sortable table: show the normally hidden sort key	Table sort
|abbr=comma		Deprecated. Use |comma=off	Number format
|abbr=mos		Deprecated. Use |x| or |by|	Range format
|adj=1		Deprecated. Do not use. No need to deviate from MOS regarding plurals	Plural or singular
|adj=flip		Deprecated. Use |order=flip	Order
|adj=j		Deprecated. Do not use. No need to join number and unit with &nbsp;. Not by MOS, and could be misunderstood HTML	Join values
|adj=nocomma		Deprecated. Use |comma=off	Number format
|disp=2		Deprecated. Use |disp=output only	Parts only
|disp=5		Deprecated. Use |round=5	Rounding and significant figures
|disp=flip		Deprecated. Use |order=flip	Order
|disp=flip5		Deprecated. Use |order=flip |round=5	Order, rounding
|disp=nocomma		Deprecated. Use |comma=off	Number format
|disp=u2		Deprecated. Use |disp=unit2	Parts only
|near=5		Deprecated. Use |round=5	Rounding and significant figures

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

See the monthly error report for this template.

TemplateData for Convert

Converts measurements to other units.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.

Parameter		Description	Type	Status
value	1	the value to convert	Number	required
from unit	2	the unit for the provided 'value' Example km	Line	required
to units	3	the unit to convert into Example mi	String	suggested
precision or suffix	4	significant digits after decimal dot or, if negative, exponent of ten	Number	optional
link units	lk	“on” all, “in” input, “out” output or “off” no units Default off Example on	String	optional
abbreviation	abbr	display for the units: “on” unit symbols, “off” all unit names in full words, “in” input unit symbol, “out” abbreviated output units, “unit” both input and output units abbreviated when using scientific notation, “values” no units at all Default off	String	optional
spelling	sp	“us” display U.S. spelling of unit names Example us	String	optional
adjective	adj	adjective form (singular unit name appended by hyphen) “on” or “mid” to put conversion at end Default off Example on	Boolean	optional
conversion	disp	display conversion result: “or” after ‘or’, “x” with custom prefix and suffix, “b” in parentheses, “table”/“tablecen”, “output only” alone, “output number only” alone and without unit, “unit” not at all but input unit; if the value is a number it is used as precision Example b	String	optional
ordering	order	“flip” returns converted value first, input value second. Example flip	String	optional
significant figures	sigfig	number that sets the number of significant figures	Number	optional
rounding output	round	“5” rounds the output number to nearest multiple of 5, “25” to nearest multiple of 25, “each” rounds each number in a range	Number	optional
thousands separator	comma	Sets or suppresses thousand separator in the numbers. “off” = no separator; “gaps”: use space not comma; “5” and “gaps5”: only add separator when number > 5 positions (10,000 or more) Default on Example off	String	optional
sort key	sortable	“on” generates a hidden sort key Example on	String	optional

See also

• Template:Temp
• Template:Temp