Help:References and page numbers
Per the verifiability policy, "Cite the source clearly and precisely (specifying page, section, or such divisions as may be appropriate)."
Examples
The manner in which a page number is included depends on the citation style. These examples use Citation Style 1 templates, but these are not required.
Footnotes
These examples use Footnotes:
This example is the most basic and includes unique references for each citation, showing the page numbers in the reference list. This repeats the citation, changing the page number.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |page=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |page=6}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
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Here, the page numbers are shown in the text by using {{rp}}.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref name=elk1972>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref name=elk1972 />{{rp|6}}
{{reflist}}
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List-defined references
Page numbers are shown in-text by using Template:Ldr and {{r}}.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{r|elk1972|page1=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{r|elk1972|page1=6}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=elk1972>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}}</ref>
}}
{{reflist}}
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.[1]:5 Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.[1]:6 |
Shortened footnotes
Using Shortened footnotes, showing the page numbers in the notes list and a separate list for the full reference
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{harvtxt|Elk|1972|p=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref>{{harvnb|Elk|1972|p=6}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.[1] Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.[2]
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| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=6}}
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/log/lua.error): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/log/lua.error): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory
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A mix of Footnotes and Shortened footnotes with the full reference in the first footnote and shortened footnotes for subsequent references.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972a |ref=harv |page=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972a|p=6}}
{{reflist}}
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.[1] Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/log/lua.error): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory
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Parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing (Harvard), showing the page numbers in-text using {{harv}}.
| Markup | Renders as |
|---|---|
The brontosaurus is thin at one end {{harv|Elk|1972b|p=5}}. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle {{harv|Elk|1972b|p=6}}.
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972b |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/log/lua.error): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/log/lua.error): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory.
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Other in-source locations
Often, a page number is not appropriate such as when citing an audio or video source or a book that has no page numbers. The Citation Style 1 templates have an |at= parameter that can be used to include non-page locators. The Author-date citation templates use |loc=.
Some example locators: section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse
Feature requests
Footnotes do not directly support page numbers; a feature request is logged as Template:Phab.